This course examines the history of the Scandinavians in America, from the early Norwegian pioneers in 1825 to the end of Scandinavian mass immigration with the Great Depression of 1929, including the Scandinavian immigrants and the Civil War, Scandinavian religious denominations in America, Scandinavian immigrants as farmers, Scandinavian immigrants and American politics, Scandinavian urban immigrants and organized labor, Scandinavian immigrant women, and Scandinavian-American culture. We will read texts by prominent representatives of each of the Scandinavian immigrant groups, including Jacob Riis, Ole Rølvaag, and Halldor Laxness.